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India's 14.71 lakh schools have effectively closed the basic-amenity gap — 99.3% have drinking water, 98.6% have toilets, 96.2% have boys' toilets, 97.3% have girls' toilets. The mid-tier is electricity (93.6%) and library (89.5%). The frontier is digital (64.7% computer, 63.5% internet) and disability access (35.6% CWSN-friendly toilet, 54.9% ramps with handrail). Government schools lead on basic amenities; private schools lead on digital. Solar coverage is just 10.8%.
UDISE+ tracks 22 distinct infrastructure facilities at every school. They fall into four functional buckets:
For each facility, UDISE+ asks two questions: available (does it physically exist?) and functional (does it actually work?). The functional rate is always lower — toilets exist but aren't maintained; electricity is connected but supply is irregular. Where both numbers are reported, this article uses the functional rate as the more honest measure.
| Facility | % schools (available) | Absolute count |
|---|---|---|
| Drinking water | 99.3% | 14,61,032 |
| Toilet (any) | 98.6% | 14,51,586 |
| Girls' toilet | 97.3% | 14,21,205 |
| Boys' toilet | 96.2% | 13,90,242 |
| Hand-wash facility | 95.9% | 14,11,644 |
| Electricity connection | 93.6% | 13,77,945 |
Read this top to bottom and the pattern is clear: basic amenities are largely solved; pedagogical and sustainability infrastructure is half-built; inclusion infrastructure is the most lagging dimension.
Government, aided, and private schools have very different infrastructure profiles. This is the most under-reported insight in the UDISE+ dataset.
| Facility | All | Government | Aided | Private | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drinking water | 99.3% | 99.4% | 98.5% | 99.4% | 98.0% |
| Electricity (functional) | 91.9% | 92.3% | 90.9% | 92.3% | 80.2% |
| Toilet (functional) | 95.8% | 95.8% | 96.4% |
Three patterns jump out:
A note on the computer/internet gap: government schools have 60.2% computer availability but only 58.6% internet. The gap is small because many computer labs are offline-only — programmes pre-loaded, no live internet. For NEP 2020's digital-literacy targets, internet is the binding constraint.
UDISE+ publishes infrastructure as absolute counts at the state level, not percentages. We compute coverage % below by dividing the per-state facility count by the per-state total schools. Top and bottom 5 only — full state tables are voluminous.
| Rank | State / UT | Internet Coverage |
|---|---|---|
| Best | Kerala | ~99% |
| Best | Delhi | ~95% |
| Best | Chandigarh | ~94% |
| Best | Goa | ~91% |
| Best | Lakshadweep | ~90% |
| ... | ... | ... |
| Bottom |
(Per-state coverage approximated from state-level absolute counts in UDISE+ Table — small rounding errors are possible; treat top-5 / bottom-5 as directionally reliable rather than precise.)
The national functional-electricity rate is 91.9%. State extremes:
The Northeast is the single biggest electricity gap — partly grid-related, partly topographical.
National: 35.6%. The gap is broadly distributed; no state is close to universal. Higher coverage states are typically those with strong RTE compliance regimes (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra) at 50%+. Lowest coverage: Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya at 20–25%.
Three CWSN (Children With Special Needs) facilities are tracked:
| Facility | National % | Government | Private | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ramp (any) | 79.1% | 87.7% | 59.3% | 36.9% |
| Ramp + handrail | 54.9% | 63.1% | 47.7% | 31.4% |
| CWSN-friendly toilet | 35.6% | 34.6% | 38.8% | 19.6% |
The pattern: a ramp without a handrail is what most schools have, but the RTE Act's explicit requirement is a ramp + handrail. By that standard, only 54.9% of Indian schools are wheelchair-accessible at the entrance. And the toilet figure is much worse — only 35.6% have a CWSN-friendly toilet, meaning roughly 9.5 lakh schools have no usable toilet for a child with mobility impairment.
UDISE+ records 21.5 lakh CWSN students enrolled in Indian schools. Most of them attend a school without compliant toilets. The Persons with Disabilities Act (1995, amended 2016) mandates CWSN access in every school — implementation is the laggard, not the law.
For secondary schools (Class 9–10), the most consequential pedagogical infrastructure is the integrated science lab:
Government secondary schools have the worst science-lab coverage despite the curriculum requiring practicals at Class 9–10 for Science (and at Class 11–12 for PCM/PCB streams). Most government schools use shared district-level labs or do not run practicals at all — a known but poorly-publicised quality gap.
Library coverage is 89.5% nationally but the per-school book inventory is more telling. India has 121.7 crore books across schools (UDISE+ count), averaging 827 books per school. State variance is enormous:
A school with 120 books is a "library" in name only. Bihar's 318/school average — across 30 students per teacher — gives roughly 10 books per student; that is below the operational minimum to call it a library.
India's primary infrastructure-funding vehicle is Samagra Shiksha, the integrated school education scheme that subsumes Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, RMSA, and the Teacher Education scheme. Annual outlay is approximately Rs 37,000 crore (FY 2024-25). Infrastructure components include classrooms, toilets, drinking water, ramps, science labs, computer rooms, and libraries.
PM SHRI (Prime Minister Schools for Rising India) launched in 2022 funds the upgrade of approximately 14,500 existing schools to model status — full digital infrastructure, smart classrooms, libraries, and CWSN-compliant toilets. The scheme is small in absolute count (under 1% of total schools) but is intended as a demonstration model. Initial PM SHRI schools were operational by mid-2024.
The two facilities that are not well-funded by either programme: functional internet (a recurring monthly cost, hard to budget through capital grants) and CWSN-friendly toilets (low political salience). Civil-society advocacy on both is rising; UDISE+ tracking ensures the gap stays visible.
1. What share of Indian schools have electricity? 93.6% of Indian schools have an electricity connection as per UDISE+ 2024-25, and 91.9% have functional electricity (i.e. the supply actually works). The 1.7-percentage-point gap is mostly disconnected meters and unpaid bills. By management: government 92.3%, aided 90.9%, private-unaided 92.3%, others 80.2%. By state, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Goa, Delhi, and Chandigarh are above 99%; the Northeast (Meghalaya, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh) sits at 70-75% functional electricity. Roughly 1.2 lakh schools — concentrated in tribal and hilly districts — still operate without functional electricity.
2. How many Indian schools have internet access? 63.5% — about 9.34 lakh schools out of 14.71 lakh. This is significantly lower than computer availability (64.7%), meaning some schools have computers but no live internet — typical of pre-loaded offline labs. By management, private-unaided schools lead at 77.1%, aided at 73.4%, government at 58.6%, and others at 51.7%. By state, Kerala and Delhi are above 90%; Bihar, Meghalaya, and Manipur are below 40%. The internet gap is the single biggest binding constraint on NEP 2020's digital-literacy targets.
3. Do all Indian schools have toilets? 98.6% of Indian schools have toilet facilities, and 95.8% have functional ones. 97.3% have separate girls' toilets (a Swachh Vidyalaya target hit nationally) and 96.2% have separate boys' toilets. The remaining 1.4% gap is approximately 20,000 schools, mostly in tribal districts and the Others management category. The harder gap is CWSN-friendly toilets at 35.6% — meaning nearly two-thirds of Indian schools cannot accommodate a child with mobility impairment. This is the single most visible RTE-compliance failure in the current data.
4. What % of schools have a library? 89.5% — about 13.17 lakh schools — have a library, book bank, or reading corner per UDISE+ 2024-25. Government schools lead at 93.4%; private-unaided lag at 81.7%, and Others at just 56.4%. However, "library" in UDISE+ language includes a single bookshelf — the absolute book count gives a more honest picture. India has 121.7 crore school books, averaging 827 per school. Some states (Chandigarh, Delhi) average 5,000+ books per school; others (Meghalaya, Mizoram) average under 200. A library with 200 books in a 600-pupil school is a checkbox, not a learning resource.
5. How many schools have computers? 64.7% have a computer facility (9.52 lakh schools) but only 57.9% have a functional pedagogical-purpose computer. The 7-percentage-point gap is broken or unused machines. By management, private-unaided schools have the best coverage (78.1%), aided 74.0%, government 60.2%, others 45.2%. The Government computer availability — 60.2% — is the floor for any digital-literacy programme; the remaining 4 lakh government schools without computers are concentrated in low-density rural districts. NEP 2020's ICT targets imply universal coverage by 2030; the current trajectory will not get there without a major capital push.
6. Which Indian state has the worst school infrastructure? No single state is the worst on all metrics. Meghalaya is consistently in the bottom 5 for electricity (~70% functional), internet (~32%), and library books per school (120). Bihar is bottom-quartile on internet (~38%) and CWSN-toilet (~22%). Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram appear in the bottom-5 on multiple metrics — driven partly by topography, partly by under-funding. The Northeast region as a whole (excluding Sikkim) faces the worst infrastructure gaps. The most-improved bottom-5 over the last decade: Bihar (toilets), Jharkhand (water), Odisha (electricity).
7. How many schools have ramps for disabled children? 79.1% of schools have a ramp (any kind) but only 54.9% have a ramp with handrail — which is what makes a ramp actually usable for a wheelchair user. Government schools lead at 63.1% ramp+handrail; private-unaided lags at 47.7%. The deeper accessibility gap is CWSN-friendly toilets at 35.6% nationally — only 5.2 lakh of India's 14.71 lakh schools have a usable toilet for a child with mobility impairment. Given that 21.5 lakh CWSN children are enrolled, that is a fundamental compliance gap with the Persons with Disabilities Act (2016). Civil-society litigation and Samagra Shiksha funding are the two pressure points; progress is slow.
8. How many schools have a playground? 83.0% of Indian schools have a playground, per UDISE+ 2024-25 — about 12.21 lakh schools. The remaining 17% (2.5 lakh schools) are predominantly urban private-unaided schools in dense neighbourhoods where physical land is unavailable. This number has been roughly flat for a decade — most additions to the school stock are urban, where playgrounds are hardest to provide. RTE Act technically requires "play material" rather than a full playground for primary schools; courts have read this loosely. NEP 2020's emphasis on physical-education and sports may push the number up, but no specific programme exists yet.
9. What share of schools use solar power? Only 10.8% — about 1.6 lakh schools — have solar panels installed, per UDISE+ 2024-25. By management: government 9.0%, private-unaided 15.9% (highest), aided 12.0%, others 11.6%. Despite India's massive solar push (175 GW national target, including a school-solar-panel programme by MNRE), penetration in schools has lagged. The barrier is upfront cost: solar pays back over 5–7 years but state education budgets are annual and capital-constrained. Karnataka, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh have the highest school-solar coverage at over 30%; most other states sit under 10%.
10. Where can I check the infrastructure of a specific school? Three options. (1) The UDISE+ portal at udiseplus.gov.in lets you look up any school by its 11-digit UDISE code; the DCF (Data Capture Format) lists every infrastructure facility. (2) Our index at getschoolsinfo.com surfaces infrastructure fields (electricity, internet, library, toilets, computer) for every school in the UDISE+ database — searchable and filterable by district and management. (3) The State Education Department website for many states (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra) publishes school-level infrastructure dashboards. For litigation or RTI purposes, the UDISE+ portal's DCF is the canonical record.
Source: UDISE+ Report 2024-25, Ministry of Education, Government of India. Infrastructure percentages from Table 8.x of the report; absolute counts from "all_india_infrastructure_counts" in the published dataset; per-management splits from Table 8.x.b. Per-state estimates derived by dividing state-level facility counts by state total schools.
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| Library / book bank / reading corner | 89.5% | 13,16,991 |
| Playground | 83.0% | 12,21,231 |
| Conducting medical check-up | 75.5% | 11,11,495 |
| Ramp (any) | 79.1% | 11,64,274 |
| Computer facility | 64.7% | 9,51,868 |
| Internet facility | 63.5% | 9,33,987 |
| Functional pedagogical computer | 57.9% | 8,52,684 |
| Integrated science lab (secondary only) | 57.1% | 1,66,209 |
| Ramp + handrail (CWSN access) | 54.9% | 8,08,460 |
| Kitchen garden | 40.2% | 5,92,198 |
| CWSN-friendly toilet | 35.6% | 5,23,143 |
| Functional rainwater harvesting | 29.4% | 4,32,999 |
| Co-curricular activity room | 15.6% | 2,29,224 |
| Solar panel | 10.8% | 1,59,648 |
| Digital library | 6.9% | 1,01,505 |
| 96.2% |
| 90.9% |
| Library | 89.5% | 93.4% | 89.2% | 81.7% | 56.4% |
| Computer | 64.7% | 60.2% | 74.0% | 78.1% | 45.2% |
| Internet | 63.5% | 58.6% | 73.4% | 77.1% | 51.7% |
| CWSN-friendly toilet | 35.6% | 34.6% | 41.9% | 38.8% | 19.6% |
| Ramp + handrail | 54.9% | 63.1% | 57.4% | 47.7% | 31.4% |
| Co-curricular room | 15.6% | 7.1% | 29.8% | 38.2% | 10.4% |
| Meghalaya |
| ~32% |
| Bottom | Bihar | ~38% |
| Bottom | Manipur | ~40% |
| Bottom | Assam | ~41% |
| Bottom | Jharkhand | ~46% |